What is psychedelic therapy?

Psychedelic therapy is an emerging therapeutic approach that combines the use of psychedelic substances, such as ketamine or psilocybin, with traditional psychotherapy to promote deep emotional healing. These substances are administered in a safe, controlled clinical setting under the guidance of trained professionals. Psychedelic therapy has been shown to help with conditions like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction by facilitating profound emotional insights and shifts in perspective. The therapy sessions often include preparation, the psychedelic experience, and integration, allowing clients to process and make meaning of their experience. This approach helps clients access repressed emotions, break unhelpful thought patterns, and build a deeper connection with themselves.

What is trauma therapy?

Trauma therapy is a specialized form of counseling designed to help individuals process and heal from traumatic experiences, whether they are single events or ongoing stressors. It incorporates evidence-based techniques like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and somatic approaches to address the emotional, physical, and psychological impact of trauma. The goal is to reduce symptoms such as anxiety, flashbacks, emotional numbness, and hypervigilance while helping clients develop healthier coping mechanisms. Trauma therapy also provides a safe space for individuals to explore the root causes of their distress and regain a sense of control over their lives. Over time, clients can rebuild a sense of safety, trust, and emotional balance.

What is PTSD and C-PTSD?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as violence, an accident, or natural disasters. Symptoms often include flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness, and hypervigilance, which can disrupt daily life. Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) results from prolonged exposure to trauma, such as childhood abuse or neglect, and includes additional symptoms like difficulty with emotional regulation, low self-esteem, and trouble maintaining relationships. Both PTSD and C-PTSD are serious but treatable conditions that can improve with specialized therapies such as EMDR, somatic therapy, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Treatment focuses on helping individuals process the trauma, reduce symptoms, and rebuild a sense of safety and self-worth.

What is dissociation?

Dissociation is a mental health phenomenon where an individual feels disconnected from their thoughts, emotions, memories, or surroundings. It is often a protective response to overwhelming stress or trauma, creating a sense of detachment to help cope with difficult experiences. Symptoms can range from mild, like feeling spaced out, to more severe, such as memory gaps or feeling as though you are observing yourself from the outside. For some, dissociation becomes a recurring issue that interferes with daily life and relationships. Understanding dissociation is an essential step in addressing underlying trauma and fostering self-awareness. Through therapies like Sensorimotor Therapy or trauma-focused counseling, individuals can reconnect with themselves and develop tools to remain present and grounded.

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex and often misunderstood mental health condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. These identities may have unique behaviors, memories, and perspectives, and they often take control of the individual’s actions at different times. DID typically develops as a coping mechanism in response to severe, prolonged trauma, especially during early childhood. Treatment for DID focuses on stabilization, integration, and trauma processing through therapies like trauma-informed care, EMDR, and somatic approaches. The goal is to help individuals build a sense of internal harmony, reduce symptoms, and improve their quality of life. With consistent support, people with DID can work towards healing and developing greater self-awareness and stability.

What are therapeutic modalities?

Therapeutic modalities refer to the various approaches, techniques, or methods used in psychotherapy to support emotional healing and mental well-being. Each modality is grounded in different psychological theories and frameworks, offering specific strategies to help individuals address mental health challenges. Depending on a client’s needs, therapists like Celine Paganini may use one or more modalities in treatment to guide the healing process, promote personal growth, and foster healthier relationships. These methods provide a structured approach for navigating complex emotions, trauma, relationship dynamics, and mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. You can explore the specific modalities Celine integrates into her practice below.

What is Sensorimotor Psychotherapy?

Traditional psychotherapy addresses the cognitive and emotional elements of trauma, but lacks techniques that work directly with the physiological elements, despite the fact that trauma profoundly affects the body and many symptoms of traumatized individuals are somatically based. Altered relationships among cognitive, emotional, and sensorimotor (body) levels of information processing are also found to be implicated in trauma symptoms. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy is a method that integrates sensorimotor processing with cognitive and emotional processing in the treatment of trauma. Unassimilated somatic responses evoked in trauma involving both arousal and defensive responses are shown to contribute to many PTSD symptoms and to be critical elements in the use of Sensorimotor Psychotherapy.

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy or Somatic Experiencing — what's the difference?

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (SP) and Somatic Experiencing (SE) are both body-oriented trauma therapies designed to help individuals process unresolved trauma by working with the nervous system and bodily awareness. However, they differ in their focus, techniques, and effectiveness, particularly when treating complex trauma and dissociation. SE, developed by Dr. Peter Levine, is rooted in the understanding that trauma is stored in the autonomic nervous system. It emphasizes the release of pent-up survival energy from incomplete fight, flight, or freeze responses through techniques like titration (gradual trauma processing) and pendulation (moving between distress and regulation). SE is particularly effective for single-event traumas, such as accidents or assaults, where the body’s natural response to danger was interrupted.

What is existential psychotherapy?

Existential psychotherapy is [...] an exceedingly practical, concrete, positive and flexible approach. At its best, existential psychotherapy squarely and soberly confronts the 'ultimate concerns' and sometimes tragic 'existential facts of life': death, finitude, fate, freedom, responsibility, loneliness, loss, suffering, meaninglessness, and evil. Existential psychotherapy is concerned with more deeply comprehending and alleviating as much as possible (without naively denying reality and la condition humaine) pervasive postmodern symptoms such as excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis and violence as well as promoting the meaningful, life-enhancing experiences of relationship, love, caring, commitment, cour…

What is the Gottman Method?

The results of the present study confirmed the effectiveness of Gottman's couple therapy on improving couples' intimacy and adjustment in studied statistical sample. In general, integrated treatment interventions seem to be appropriate for helping the couples with widespread, multidimensional and serious problems in their marital relationships. The Gottman Method for Healthy Relationships [as an integrated approach] helps couples to be able to manage marital relationships and develop problem-solving skills. These skills make couples more flexible in their relationships and help them achieve a high degree of emotional stability and a peaceful life. Therefore, the discussed changes will have a positive effect on marital relationships, compatibility, and intimacy among couples.

What is Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP)?

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) is an advanced therapeutic approach that integrates the use of ketamine, a legal dissociative anesthetic, with psychotherapy to treat mental health conditions like depression, PTSD, anxiety, and trauma. KAP is particularly effective for individuals who have not responded to traditional therapy or medication. During a KAP session, ketamine is administered in a safe, controlled environment, allowing clients to experience altered states of consciousness. This dissociative state helps clients access deep-seated emotions, memories, or trauma that may be difficult to process in regular therapy. The psychotherapist guides clients through this experience, helping them process insights and emotions that arise.

What is individual therapy?

Individual Therapy is a personalized form of psychotherapy where an individual works one-on-one with a licensed therapist to address personal mental health challenges. The goal is to create a safe, confidential environment where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in depth. Individual therapy can address a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression, trauma, stress management, relationship issues, and personal development. By using different therapeutic modalities—such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Existential Therapy, or Sensorimotor Therapy the therapists help clients gain insight into their challenges, develop healthier coping mechanisms, and work towards emotional well-being and personal growth. Sessions are tailored to the individual’s unique needs, and clients can progress at their own pace.

What is couples therapy?

Couples Therapy is a therapeutic practice designed to help partners address and resolve conflicts, improve communication, and deepen emotional intimacy. Whether couples are dealing with trust issues, communication breakdowns, recurring arguments, or emotional disconnection, couples therapy provides a structured, supportive environment to explore these challenges. Celine uses the Gottman Method, a research-backed approach focused on improving relationship dynamics through effective communication strategies, emotional awareness, and conflict resolution techniques. Virtual couples therapy allows partners to attend sessions from the comfort of their own homes, creating a convenient and safe space to work on their relationship. Celine guides couples through exercises to foster understanding, rebuild trust, and reignite emotional bonds.

What is family therapy?

Family Therapy is a type of counseling that focuses on improving communication and resolving conflicts within family systems. This approach involves working with the entire family unit or specific members to address issues that impact the family dynamic, such as parent-child conflicts, blended family challenges, or communication breakdowns. Family therapy recognizes that the family plays a critical role in shaping individual behavior and mental health, so addressing relational patterns can lead to healthier, more supportive interactions. The goal is to foster understanding, enhance communication, and build stronger connections among family members. Sessions offer a safe space for open dialogue, allowing each family member to express their thoughts and feelings while developing strategies to resolve conflicts and improve relationships.

What is group therapy?

Group Therapy is a form of psychotherapy where multiple individuals, often with similar issues, meet under the guidance of a licensed therapist to share experiences and offer mutual support. Group therapy sessions provide a safe, structured space for individuals to work through personal challenges such as anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship difficulties while benefiting from the shared experiences of others. The group setting fosters connection reduces feelings of isolation, and allows participants to develop new perspectives on their challenges. Group therapy also encourages self-expression, emotional support, and collective healing, helping members learn from each other and develop coping skills. It is an effective modality for those who may feel disconnected or benefit from shared insight and community.

What happens during a free consultation?

A free consultation is an introductory service offered to potential clients, allowing them to meet with a therapist before committing to therapy. During this no-obligation, 15-minute virtual session, clients can discuss their mental health concerns, ask questions about the therapeutic process, and determine if the therapist’s approach aligns with their needs. The consultation is designed to help individuals, couples, or families explore the benefits of therapy, understand the available modalities, and feel more comfortable with the therapist before beginning a formal therapeutic relationship. For many, the free consultation serves as an important first step in seeking support and helps ease any anxiety about starting therapy.

Neurodiversity & Eating Disorders: Understanding the Unique Needs of AuDHD, Autistic, and ADHD Individuals

Celine Paganini
May 18
3 min read

Time to notice neurodiversity in eating disorder services: a three-year real-world analysis of autism, ADHD, and AuDHD

Eating disorders are incredibly complex, often intertwined with a myriad of underlying factors that can sometimes go unnoticed. In my work as a somatic trauma therapist, I've seen firsthand how deeply our nervous systems and individual ways of experiencing the world influence our relationship with food and body. This is why a recent study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry, titled "Time to notice neurodiversity in eating disorder services: a three-year real-world analysis of autism, ADHD, and AuDHD," truly resonated with me.

Unpacking the Intersections: Neurodiversity and Eating Disorders

The article highlights a crucial area of understanding: the significant overlap between neurodiversity (specifically Autism, ADHD, and co-occurring AuDHD) and eating disorders. What this research underscores is that individuals who are neurodivergent often present with greater clinical complexity in eating disorder services. This isn't just about a diagnosis; it's about recognizing that their nervous systems and processing styles can profoundly shape their experience of an eating disorder and their journey toward healing.

The study found that individuals with suspected or known Autism, ADHD, or both (AuDHD) experienced higher levels of ED psychopathology, psychological distress, and greater difficulties in work and social functioning compared to neurotypical individuals with eating disorders. Interestingly, while the ADHD-only group showed the highest ED psychopathology, the AuDHD group exhibited the most pronounced psychological distress and functional impairment. This suggests a unique interplay of challenges when both neurotypes are present.

The Embodied Experience: Why Neurodivergence Matters in ED Treatment

So, what does this mean for the embodied experience of someone navigating an eating disorder while also being neurodivergent? The study points to several key factors:

• Sensory Sensitivities: For many Autistic individuals, sensory processing differences can lead to food aversions, a need for strict routines around food, or even using restrictive eating as a way to cope with overwhelming sensory input. The EDE-Q, a common assessment tool, might even miss these nuances, potentially underestimating the severity of their experience.

• Executive Function Challenges: ADHD, in particular, is linked to difficulties with executive functions like planning, organization, and impulse control. This can manifest in impulsive eating behaviors, binge-purge cycles, or challenges in adhering to structured meal plans, which are often a core part of ED recovery.

• Emotional Regulation: Both Autism and ADHD can involve distinct patterns of emotional regulation, sometimes leading to heightened anxiety, depression, or difficulty identifying and expressing internal states (alexithymia). Eating disorder behaviors can then become a powerful, albeit maladaptive, coping mechanism for these intense internal experiences.

• Social & Functional Impact: The study also noted higher rates of work and school absences and greater difficulties in social functioning among neurodivergent individuals with EDs. This can create a deeper sense of isolation and impact their ability to engage with treatment effectively.

Tailored Healing: A Path Forward

This research emphasizes a critical need for person-centered care that recognizes and adapts to the unique needs of neurodivergent individuals. As a therapist specializing in somatic trauma therapy and Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP), I find this deeply affirming. True healing isn't a one-size-fits-all process; it requires understanding the individual's unique nervous system, their felt sense of self, and how their mind and body connect.

The study's suggestions for tailored support resonate with an integrative approach:

• Clear Communication: Providing clear, concise instructions and allowing extra time for processing information can make a world of difference.

• Sensory Adaptations: Creating predictable environments, offering sensory tools (like fidgets or weighted blankets), and incorporating sensory workshops can help regulate the nervous system and reduce overwhelm, making it easier to engage with food and treatment.

• Executive Function Support: Strategies that help with focus, organization, and time management can empower individuals to build healthier routines.

• Interoception-Based Interventions: Helping individuals tune into their internal bodily cues – a core aspect of somatic work – can be especially valuable for those with interoceptive hyposensitivity, allowing them to better understand hunger, fullness, and emotional states.

What this all boils down to is a call for deeper empathy and a more nuanced understanding in the mental health field. When we acknowledge and adapt to the diverse ways human brains and bodies function, we open up more effective pathways to healing for everyone.

Have you ever considered how your unique way of processing the world might influence your relationship with food or your overall well-being?

If you're curious about exploring these connections in a supportive and integrative space, I invite you to learn more about my approach at bodymeetmind.com. You can also book a free 15-minute consultation to see if my practice is the right fit for your journey.

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This post was inspired by the article "Time to notice neurodiversity in eating disorder services: a three-year real-world analysis of autism, ADHD, and AuDHD". Click the link to read the full original article.